Strengthening the Capacity of the Extension System to use Proven Knowledge and Technologies to Sustain Equitable Locally Led Adaptation Among Smallholder Farmers (SCALE)

If the smallholder farming communities in Africa are to continually adapt to the impacts of climate change as well as sustain their lives and livelihoods, more systematic and easily accessible knowledge and information sharing from credible sources are required. This proposed project, therefore, seeks to strengthen the capacity of the extension system, as a knowledge broker, to transfer proven knowledge, information, and technology to farmers to boost their productivity and resilience, especially in the face of climate change challenges. Most importantly, the project seeks to integrate equitable and inclusive locally led adaptation strategies into the extension system to ensure that the knowledge, information, and technology generated are demand-driven, co-designed, and sustained by the local people

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Climate Adaptation Key Actors - ATPscience Style

Key Actors in Agricultural Extension & Climate Adaptation

65
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8
Government Ministries
10
Researchers
12
NGOs/CSOs
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  1. Aniah, P., Kaunza-Nu-Dem, M. K., & Ayembilla, J. (2019). Smallholder farmers’ livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the savanna agro ecological zone of Ghana. Heliyon, 5, e01492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492.
  2. Atube, F., Malinga, G., Nyeko, M., Okello, D., Alarakol, S., & Okello-Uma, I. (2021). Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies to the effects of climate change: Evidence from northern Uganda. Agriculture & Food Security, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-020-00279-1.
  3. Fatondji, D., Martius, C., Bielders, C. L., Vlek, P. L. G., Bationo, A., & Gerard, B. (2006). Effectiveness of Zai Pits in Senegal. Agricultural Systems, 94(1), 213-222.
  4. Gandure, S., Walker, S., & Botha, J. (2013). Farmers’ perceptions of adaptation to climate change and water stress in a South African rural community. Environmental development, 5, 39-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVDEV.2012.11.004.
  5. Gbegbelegbe, S., Serem, J., Stirling, C., Kyazze, F., Radeny, M., Misiko, M., Tongruksawattana, S., Nafula, L., Gakii, M., & Sonder, K. (2018). Smallholder farmers in eastern Africa and climate change: a review of risks and adaptation options with implications for future adaptation programmes. Climate and Development, 10, 289 – 306. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1374236.
  6. Ihenacho, R. A., Orusha, J. O., and Onogu, B. (2019). Rural Farmers Use of Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Agriculture for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in Southeast Nigeria. Annals of Ecology and Environmental Science 3(1): 1-11.
  7. Jiri, O., & Mafongoya, P. (2017). A Synthesis of Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Change in Southern Africa: Averting Adaptation Vacuum., 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49520-0_16.
  8. Komba, C., & Muchapondwa, E. (2012). Adaptation to Climate Change by Smallholder Farmers in Tanzania. Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa, 1st Edition, Published 2018, Routledge Pg. 40. eBook ISBN9781315149776. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315149776-7.
  9. Makate, C. (2019). Local institutions and indigenous knowledge in adoption and scaling of climate-smart agricultural innovations among sub-Saharan smallholder farmers. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12, 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-07-2018-0055.
  10. Makate, C., Makate, M., Mango, N., & Siziba, S. (2019). Increasing resilience of smallholder farmers to climate change through multiple adoption of proven climate-smart agriculture innovations. Lessons from Southern Africa. Journal of environmental management, 231, 858-868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.069.
  11. Mapfumo, P., Adjei-Nsiah, S., Mtambanengwe, F., Chikowo, R., & Giller, K. (2013). Participatory action research (PAR) as an entry point for supporting climate change adaptation by smallholder farmers in Africa. Environmental Development, 5, 6-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVDEV.2012.11.001.
  12. Mutekwa, V. (2009). Climate change impacts and adaptation in the agricultural sector: the case of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 11, 237-256.
  13. Mwalusepo, S., Massawe, E., Affognon, H., Okuku, G. O., Kingori, S., Mburu, P., Ong’amo, G., Muchugu, E., Calatayud, P., Landmann, T., Muli, E., Raina, S., Johansson, T., & Ru, B. L. (2015). Smallholder Farmers’ Perspectives on Climatic Variability and Adaptation Strategies in East Africa: The Case of Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Taita and Machakos Hills in Kenya. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, 6(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000313.
  14. Niang, A., Magne, S., Ndiaye, S., & Ndiaye, M. (2014). Agroforestry for Climate Change Adaptation in Senegal. Agroforestry Systems, 88(2), 217-228.
  15. Okali, C., Okpara, E., & Olawoye, J. (2018). Agroforestry Practices in Nigeria for Climate Resilience. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(4), 367-374.
  16. Ombogoh, D., Tanui, J., McMullin, S., Muriuki, J., & Mowo, J. (2018). Enhancing adaptation to climate variability in the East African highlands: a case for fostering collective action among smallholder farmers in Kenya and Uganda. Climate and Development, 10(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2016.1174665.
  17. Perret, S., & Stevens, J. (2003). Analysing the low adoption of water conservation technologies by smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Development Southern Africa. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.18028.
  18. Rusinga, O., Chapungu, L., Moyo, P., & Stigter, K. (2014). Perceptions of climate change and adaptation to microclimate change and variability among smallholder farmers in Mhakwe Communal Area, Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 7(3), 310-318. https://doi.org/10.4314/EJESM.V7I3.11.
  19. Sani, S. (2016). Farmers’ Perception, Impact and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change among Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 26, 1-8.
  20. Tambo, J., & Abdoulaye, T. (2012). Climate change and agricultural technology adoption: the case of drought tolerant maize in rural Nigeria. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 17(3), 277-292.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9325-7.
  21. Tambo, J., & Abdoulaye, T. (2013). Smallholder farmers’ perceptions of and adaptations to climate change in the Nigerian savanna. Regional Environmental Change, 13(2), 375-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0351-0.
  22. Sani, S. (2016). Farmers’ Perception, Impact and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change among Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Journal of Resources Development and Management, 26, 1-8.
  23. Tesfuhuney, W., & Mbeletshie, E. H. (2021). Place-based perceptions, resilience and adaptation to climate change by smallholder farmers in rural South Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology, 10(2), 116-127. https://doi.org/10.3329/IJARIT.V10I2.51585.
  24. Thinda, K., Ogundeji, A., Belle, J., & Ojo, T. (2020). Understanding the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers: Evidence from land reform beneficiaries in South Africa. Land Use Policy, 99, 104858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104858
  25. Ubisi, N., Mafongoya, P., Kolanisi, U., & Jiri, O. (2017). Smallholder farmer’s perceived effects of climate change on crop production and household livelihoods in rural Limpopo province, South Africa. Change and Adaptation in Socio-Ecological Systems, 3(1), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1515/cass-2017-0003.
  26. Waldman, K. B., Attari, S., Gower, D., Giroux, S., Caylor, K. K., & Evans, T. (2019). The salience of climate change in farmer decision-making within smallholder semi-arid agroecosystems. Climatic Change, 156(3-4), 527-543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02498-3.
  27. Zamasiya, B., Nyikahadzoi, K., & Mukamuri, B. (2017). Factors influencing smallholder farmers’ behavioural intention towards adaptation to climate change in transitional climatic zones: A case study of Hwedza District in Zimbabwe. Journal of Environmental Management, 198, 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.073.
Climate Adaptation Strategies

Climate Change Adaptation Strategies

Agricultural Adaptation Approaches in Africa

Adaptation Strategy Details Number of Reports Citations
Drought-resistant crops Adoption of drought-resistant crop varieties to cope with reduced rainfall and prolonged droughts. 8 (Komba & Muchapondwa, 2012), (Gbegbelegbe et al., 2018), (Atube et al., 2021), (Tambo & Abdoulaye, 2013), (Makate et al., 2019), (Jiri & Mafongoya, 2017), (Ubisi et al., 2017), (Tambo & Abdoulaye, 2013)
Access to credit and extension services Provision of financial services and agricultural extension services to enhance adaptation capacity. 7 (Atube et al., 2021), (Komba & Muchapondwa, 2012), (Zamasiya et al., 2017), (Tambo & Abdoulaye, 2013), (Makate et al., 2019), (Tesfuhuney & Mbeletshie, 2021), (Thinda et al., 2020)
Improved irrigation Use of irrigation systems to ensure water supply during dry periods. 6 (Komba & Muchapondwa, 2012), (Gandure et al., 2013), (Makate et al., 2019), (Mutekwa, 2009), (Sani, 2016), (Waldman et al., 2019)
Changing planting dates Adjusting the timing of planting to match the changing weather patterns and optimize crop yields. 6 (Ubisi et al., 2017), (Gbegbelegbe et al., 2018), (Tambo & Abdoulaye, 2013), (Aniah et al., 2019), (Mwalusepo et al., 2015), (Rusinga et al., 2014)
Soil conservation techniques Techniques such as mulching, zero tillage, and agroforestry to conserve soil moisture and fertility. 5 (Ubisi et al., 2017), (Aniah et al., 2019), (Rusinga et al., 2014), (Sani, 2016), (Tesfuhuney & Mbeletshie, 2021)
Crop diversification Growing a variety of crops to reduce the risk of total crop failure due to climatic events. 5 (Atube et al., 2021), (Aniah et al., 2019), (Sani, 2016), (Gandure et al., 2013), (Gbegbelegbe et al., 2018)
Water harvesting Techniques for collecting and storing rainwater to be used during dry periods. 4 (Gandure et al., 2013), (Mwalusepo et al., 2015), (Mutekwa, 2009), (Sani, 2016)
Tree planting Planting trees to act as windbreaks, provide shade, and improve soil quality. 4 (Komba & Muchapondwa, 2012), (Atube et al., 2021), (Tambo & Abdoulaye, 2013), (Sani, 2016)
Collective action Forming farmer groups to share knowledge, pool resources, and increase bargaining power. 3 (Ombogoh et al., 2018), (Gbegbelegbe et al., 2018), (Tesfuhuney & Mbeletshie, 2021)
Total 48